System and method for efficient power utilization and extension of battery life

ABSTRACT

A circuit which extends the operational life of a main energy source coupled to a load, said circuit comprising a power generator having a heat source and a cooler thermally coupled to a thermoelectric generator (TEG) for converting thermal energy into electrical energy; and a first capacitor coupled to the TEG for receiving and storing the electrical energy from the TEG. The circuit further comprising at least one switching element coupled between the first capacitor and the load, a converter coupled between the capacitor and the at least one switching element for generating a regulated output, and a controller for activating the at least one switching element when the charge stored on the first capacitor reaches a predetermined level, thereby delivering power from the first capacitor to the load, via the converter, and reducing the amount of power drawn from the main energy source, thereby extending the operational life of the main energy source.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally relates to power systems and means for providingpower to various electronic systems or devices. More particularly, theinvention relates to an energy source, such as a battery, fuel cell,generator, and/or hybrid power supply, and a system and circuit forproviding power to an electronic system or device which extends theoperational life of the energy source, thereby allowing the energysource to provide power to the electronic system or device for anextended period of time.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electronic systems, devices and applications are continually developing.From cellular phones, portable computers, and compact fuel-cell basedgenerators, to electrical vehicles, the list of electronic systems,devices and applications seems endless. As the number of systems anddevices continues to increase, and the applications in which they areused continue to grow, the demand for efficient energy/power suppliesthat are able to power these systems and devices over extended periodsof time has also increased. More specifically, as high performanceelectronic systems and devices with high power consumption areintroduced rapidly to the market place and/or as natural resourcescarcity gradually intensifies and the cost of energy consequentlyincreases, the ability to efficiently provide and utilize power is everincreasing.

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional drive system 113 for providing powerto drive a load. The load may be any type of known electronic system ordevice such as a graphics display, a microprocessor, a memory, aconventional laptop computer or an electric motor. The drive systemincludes an energy or power source 109 (such as a battery, a fuel cell,a solar cell, etc.) for driving the load 112. The system furtherincludes a regulator/converter 108, and may further include currentcontrol elements 110 and 115, which may also be omitted. Here it isnoted that 108 may be a regulator and/or a converter, and each may beused interchangeably as they are equivalent in the context of thisdocument. A regulator maintains its output constant within a specifiedrange regardless of changes to its output loading condition, shifts inenvironment condition (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), or/andvariations in its input level. A converter is a known electrical elementthat takes an input parameter, such as a voltage and produces aprescribed output parameter(s), such as a desired voltage at the output.For example, in a case where the desired conversion is from a low inputvoltage to a higher output voltage, a step up (boost) voltage convertercan be used to achieve the desired output voltage. Alternatively, in thecase where the desired conversion is from a high input voltage to alower output voltage, a step down (buck) voltage converter can be usedto achieve the desired output voltage.

Current control elements 110 and 115 are optional elements and arepreferably set to control the amount of current provided to the load112. Examples of elements that can be used as a current control elementare a diode, field-effect transistors (MOS FET, JFET, etc.), a bipolartransistor, an insulated gate bipolar transistor, a silicon controlledrectifier, and/or a relay switch. One or more of these elements can beconnected in series and/or parallel to act as a current control elementand placed in any electrical path(s) within the system.

One problem with this system is that as the load increases in complexityand functionality, the amount of power required for driving the loadincreases. While conventional power/energy supplies, such as disposableand/or rechargeable batteries are always improving in order to extendthe length of the battery life, recent advances in high capacitybatteries has not resulted in considerably longer battery life becausethe increase in power consumption of these electronic systems anddevices more than offsets the improvement in battery life.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,570,632 issued to Estes, et al. (hereinafter referred toas “the Estes Patent”) proposes one solution for extending the life of arechargeable battery used to charge/power a portable system—such as acellular phone. The Estes Patent teaches using heat generated by atleast one electrical component which is resident on a printed circuitboard (PCB) within the system, and converting this heat into electricalenergy. The Estes Patent further teaches using this electrical energy todirectly recharge the main power source—a rechargeable battery.

There are several disadvantages to the solution proposed by the EstesPatent. First, the Estes Patent uses the electrical energy to directlyrecharge a main energy/power source—the rechargeable battery—such as alithium-ion battery—which can only be accomplished through carefullycontrolling a complex electrochemical process. Thus, the Estes Patentrequires that the main power source be a rechargeable battery andfurther requires complex battery charging, conditioning and maintenancesystem circuitry, which must be built into the system. Second, using theelectrical energy to recharge the main power source can be inefficientin situations where the system is in use and the main power source mustcontinue to provide energy/power to the load. Accordingly, recharging ofthe battery would likely occur optimally at a time when the system isnot in use and is not taxing or drawing charge from the battery;however, at such time the electrical device(s) in the system is notlikely to generate much heat. Therefore, the Estes Patent does not makeoptimal use of the heat generated by the system when it is active.Finally, rechargeable batteries lose their charging/storage efficiencyover time as they are repeatedly charged-discharged and/or continuallyused. Accordingly, in the solution proposed by the Estes Patent, theefficiency and longevity of the life of the main power source—therechargeable battery—may actually be decreased and system may becomeless efficient if the system is continually attempting to recharge thebattery whenever it is turned on.

Therefore, there exist needs in the art for a system and method thatextends the life of a main power source and provides for more efficientpower use without requiring significant additional complex circuitry.There further exists a need for such a system to be able to beimplemented in situations where the main power source may not be arechargeable battery. There further exists a need for such a systemwhere heat generated by the system may be efficiently converted intoelectrical energy at optimal times and stored for future use, therebyimproving the efficiency of such a system.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention consists of a power generating circuit which is coupled inparallel with a main energy/power source to a load. Instead ofrecharging the main energy/power source, the power generating circuitwill provide power directly to the load, thereby reducing the amount ofpower drawn from the main energy/power source without requiring complexcircuitry. Preferably, the power generating circuit includes a heatsource, a cooling element, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) forconverting thermal energy into electrical energy, a capacitor, at leastone switching element, and a monitor/controller for monitoring theelectronic system and controlling operation of the power generatorcircuit.

Described briefly in words, an electrical load is coupled to a mainenergy/power source and the object of the invention is to extend thelife of this main energy/power source and reduce the amount of powerdrawn from the main energy/power source. Utilizing a second energy/powersource whose energy is obtained by converting heat into electrical power(along with a capacitor, several switching elements, and amonitor/controller), energy/power drawn from the main energy/powersource is reduced, thereby extending the operational life of the mainenergy/power source. In order to accomplish this objective, heat (whichwould be otherwise wasted) is converted into electrical energy or powerby using a thermoelectric generator (TEG) and this electrical energy orpower is then stored in a capacitor. The converted and stored energy orpower is then used to supply power directly to an electrical load,thereby reducing power drawn from the main energy/power source. In apreferred embodiment, the heat can be produced by the main energy/powersource, the electrical load itself, or any other internal or external(to the circuit or system in which the present invention is utilized)element that can produce heat.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional drive system for providing power todrive a load;

FIGS. 2 a-b each illustrate block diagrams which demonstrate the powersaving process embodied in the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates an entire drive system which includes a power savingcircuit for providing power to an electronic system or device whichextends the life of a main energy/power source, in accordance with apreferred-embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the power saving circuitillustrated in FIG. 3 in which there are double charging stages; and

FIG. 5 illustrates an alternative embodiment of an entire drive systemwhich includes an alternative power saving circuit for providing powerto an electronic system or device which extends the life of a mainenergy/power source, in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates an alternate embodiment of the power saving circuitillustrated in FIG. 3 in which there are parallel charging stages.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention improves power efficiency and can extend theoperating life of a main energy/power source, such as a disposablebattery, a rechargeable battery, a fuel cell, a power generator, areactor, and/or any combination of these, i.e., hybrid power source(s),used to provide power to an electrical system or application. The mainenergy/power source can be either internal or external to the electricalsystem and may also be any form of power supply, such as power from anelectrical outlet connected to a power grid.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the power efficiencyof electrical systems is improved by reducing the power drawn from themain energy/power source as described in the following sections. It isalso possible to supply extra power to an electrical load(s) with theembodiments of the claimed subject matter described herein.

Furthermore, it is possible to increase the operational life (“batterylife”) and the power efficiency of electrical systems by combiningtechniques/methods known in the art with the embodiments describedherein. Examples known in the art include powering down the un-utilizedportion of an electrical system, reducing the power consumption ofsystem portions(s) under lenient conditions, and/or reducing the clockfrequency of a digital circuitry when high processing performance is notrequired.

FIGS. 2 a-b each illustrate block diagrams which demonstrate the powersaving process embodied in the present invention. As shown in bothfigures, an electrical load 210 is coupled to a main energy/power source200 via converter 205, and the object of the invention is to extend thelife of this main energy/power source 200 by reducing the amount ofpower/energy drawn from the main energy/power source 200. In order toaccomplish this objective, heat 211 (which would be otherwise wasted) isconverted into an electrical charge by using a heat to electricityconverter (which includes a thermoelectric generator (TEG), a coolingelement, and several interface elements). The electrical charge is thenstored in a capacitor 202. The converted and stored charge is then usedto supply energy/power to the electrical load 210, thereby reducingpower drawn from the main energy/power source 200. In a preferredembodiment, the heat 211 can be produced by the main power source 200,the electrical load itself 210, or any other internal or external (tothe circuit or system in which the present invention is utilized)element that can produce heat.

Because energy is the time integral of power, a considerably largeenergy can be developed and stored on the capacitor 202 if enough timeis allowed to lapse and the capacitor 202 has high energy storagecapability. The capacitor 202 can be any of those currently known andavailable, such as a supercapacitor or supercap. For the capacitor 202,it is understood that any various combinations of parallel and/or serieselectrical connections are possible using a plurality of capacitors.

When the power/current from the capacitor 202 is supplied to theelectrical load 210, the power/current originated and drawn from themain energy/power source 200 is reduced, thereby extending the life ofthe main energy/power source 200 and reducing the amount of charge orpower drawn from the main energy/power 200 source over time.

Referring to FIG. 2 a, when the main energy/power source 200 and theconverter 205 are first activated, they work together in order todeliver current or power to the electrical load 210 at time t1 (setarbitrary to 0 as a starting point). At this point in time, the currentflowing into the electrical load 210 is i1 (with switching element 204,209 set to conduct a current.) and the current from converter 207, i2 iszero or approximately zero (i.e., no power saving) because not enoughenergy/charge has not been accumulated in the capacitor 202. In thisparticular embodiment, monitor/controller 206 monitors theparameter(s)/state(s) of the main energy/power source 200, heat toelectricity converter 201, and capacitor 202. The monitor/controller 206controls the switching elements 203, 204, 208, 209 and converters 205,207 based on the parameter(s) or state(s) measured or estimated and bygenerating and sending out control signals at appropriate times.

Referring now to FIG. 2 b, as time progresses the heat to electricityconverter 201 starts to generate a potential difference, which isconverted to an electrical charge stored on the capacitor 202. When apredetermined high voltage (or charge) is developed on the capacitor 202at time t2, the monitor/controller 206 turns on the switching element203, 208 and the converter 207 (in an appropriate order) so that currenti2 with non-zero value flows to the electrical load 210. As current i2flows to the electrical load, the current drawn from the main powersource decreases to i1-i2 times the proportionality factor determined bythe conversion ratio of the converter 205, which is indicated as k1 inFIG. 2 b. As the charge in the capacitor 202 depletes and the voltage(or charge) at the capacitor 202 drops below a predetermined lowthreshold, the monitor/controller 206 then shuts off the switchingelement 203, 208 and/or the converter 207 and the process ofcharging-discharging repeats.

FIG. 3 illustrates a system and circuit for providing power to anelectronic system or device which extends the life of a mainenergy/power supply, in accordance with a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention, thereby allowing the main energy/power supply toprovide power to an electronic system or device (hereinafter referred toas “the load”) for an extended period of time. As shown in FIG. 3, themain system and circuit consists of a main energy/power source 309 (suchas a disposable or rechargeable battery, a fuel cell, a hybrid cell, asolar cell, etc.) for driving a load 312, which may be any knownelectronic device or system (such a microprocessor, memory, a laptopcomputer, a graphics display or an electric motor).

The main system and circuit further includes a regulator/converter 308,and current control elements 310 and 316. Here it is noted that theelement 308 may be a regulator and/or a converter, and each may be usedinterchangeably as they are equivalent in the context of this document.A regulator maintains its output constant within a specified rangeregardless of changes to its output loading condition, shifts inenvironment condition (such as temperature, humidity, etc.), and/orvariations at its input.

Current control elements 310 and 316 are used to control the amount ofcurrent provided to the load 312. Examples of elements that can be usedas a current control element are a diode, field-effect transistors (MOSFET, JFET, etc.), a bipolar transistor, an insulated gate bipolartransistor, a silicon controlled rectifier, and/or a relay switch. Oneof more of these elements can be connected in series and/or parallel toact as a current control element and placed in any electrical path(s)within a system.

As shown in FIG. 3, the system and circuit further includes a powergenerating circuit 317 having a power generating means 306 consisting ofa heat source 300, a thermoelectric generator (TEG) 302, a cooler 304, aheat source to TEG interface element 301, and a TEG to cooler interfaceelement 303. The heat source 300 can be the main energy/power source309, or heat generated by the electrical load 312 itself, or any otherelements that produce heat. Preferably, thermoelectric generator (TEG)302 is an element that produces a potential difference (voltage) when atemperature difference exists between its “hot” and “cold” sides of theelement. Presently, the majority of thermoelectric generators used forroom temperature range utilize Bi—Te compounds semiconductor materials.The embodiments described herein do not preclude the use of TEGelement(s) based on other materials or implementations that may emergein a future time frame as improved, more efficient TEG materialsdevelop. It is understood that although FIG. 3 illustrates only a singleTEG element, multiple thermoelectric generators (TEG) 302 elements maybe electrically connected in series or/and parallel to achieve desiredvoltage, current, source impedance, and/or other characteristics.Furthermore, intermediate stages such as switching element(s) can beinserted between the TEGs and controlled by a controller. Note that aheat source can be thermally connected (coupled) to the cold side of aTEG and a cooler can be thermally connected (coupled) to the hot side ofa TEG. In that case, a voltage with reversed polarity will be producedbut those in the skilled art should be able to utilize the voltageappropriately.

In a preferred embodiment, cooler 304 is an element that releases heatfrom the cold side of the TEG so that the temperature on the cold sideof the TEG is kept within a prescribed range. There are numerous waysknown in the art to implement a cooler, for examples, heat sink(electrically passive or/and active with convection or/andthermoelectric cooler (TEC)), radiator (heat exchanger), liquid coolant(including water produced as a byproduct of a fuel cell), phase changingmaterial, heat pipe, vapor chamber, human body, or/and atmosphere of aplanet or a moon. The main purpose of utilizing heat source to TEGinterface element 301 and TEG to cooler interface element 303 is twofold: 1) to facilitate the efficient transfer of heat and 2) toestablish mechanical support and interface for the elements they areinterfacing to/from. The heat source to TEG interface element 301 andthe TEG to cooler interface element 303 may be made of metals, ceramics,or/and graphite and are thermally connected to the elements they areinterfacing to/from. Thermal grease-based materials and/or phasechanging films can be applied to these elements if deemed desirable. Theheat source to TEG interface element 301 and the TEG to cooler interfaceelement 303 may be omitted if deemed unnecessary. Note that it ispossible to combine the functions of the TEG to cooler interface element303 and the cooler 304, for example by utilizing flexible graphitematerial to efficiently conduct and dissipate heat.

Referring still to FIG. 3, the power generating circuit 317 furtherincludes a capacitor 305 coupled to the TEG 302. As the heat source 300produces increased heat, the temperature difference between the coldside of the TEG and the heated side of the TEG increases, causing theTEG to produce electrical potential, which then charges the capacitor305. It should be noted that in the context of this document, chargestorage and energy storage are used interchangeably. If necessary, aplurality of capacitors 305 can be electrically connected in seriesor/and in parallel to achieve the desired electrical and/or mechanicalcharacteristics. Voltage balancing circuit(s) (either passive or active)can be used to ensure the voltage applied to each capacitor ismaintained within a desired range. Furthermore, although not shown inFIG. 3, current/voltage limiter(s) may be inserted between thethermoelectric generators (TEG) 302 and the capacitor 305, if necessary,in order to control the amount of charge or energy being transferred toand stored on the capacitor 305.

Referring still to FIG. 3, the power generating circuit 317 furtherincludes a converter 315 coupled between load 312 and capacitor 305.Preferably, converter 315 is coupled to load 312 via current controlelement 311 and coupled to capacitor 305 via current control element314. Current control elements 314 and 311 control the amount of currentdrawn from capacitor 305 into converter 315 and then provided fromconverter 315 to load 312. Converter 315 is an element that takes aninput parameter, such as voltage and produces a prescribed parameter(s)such as voltage at the output. In the case where the desired conversionis from a low input voltage to a higher output voltage, a step up(boost) voltage converter can be used. In the case where the desiredconversion is from a high input voltage to a lower output voltage, astep down (buck) voltage converter can be used. Alternatively, aninverter can be used if DC to AC conversion is desired. Variousimplementations of converters (or regulators) are known in the art andthe invention is not intended to be limited to any one particularimplementation.

Referring still to FIG. 3 the power generating circuit 317 also includesa monitor/controller 307 coupled to capacitor 305 for monitoringproperties of the capacitor 305 such as the voltage, current, or/andtemperature of capacitor 305. The monitor/controller 307 may also beused to monitor parameters, such as voltage or/and temperature of themain energy/power source 309 and/or the amount of current or powerprovided to the load from the main energy/power source 309. In caseswhere the main energy/power source 309 is a fuel cell, themonitor/controller 307 may also be connected directly to the fuel cellin order to control the amount or rate of fuel supplied to the fuelcell.

As is shown in FIG. 3, the monitor/controller 307 is coupled to currentcontrol elements 310, 316 and current control elements 314, 311. Thecurrent control elements 310, 311, 314, and 316 are essentiallyswitching elements which control the flow of current/power to the loadbased on control signal(s) received from the monitor/controller 307. Thecurrent control elements 310 311, 314, and 316 can be implemented withvarious types of electrical devices such as a field-effect transistor(FET), a bipolar transistor (BJT), an insulated gate bipolar transistor(IGBT), a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) or/and electromechanicaldevices. In operation, controller 307 is configured to monitor andcontrol operations of these current control elements in order to achievethe objectives of the invention. Higher number of current controlelements can be utilized if desired.

Referring to FIG. 3, as the voltage across the capacitor 305 reaches apredetermined voltage “high” level (or a predetermined charge highlevel), the monitor/controller 307 enables the current control elements311, 314 (in an appropriate order) and a current starts to flow into theelectrical load 312 (also assuming the predetermined voltage level ishigher or equal to the minimum operating voltage of the converter 315)and the current drawn from regulator 308 is now reduced by the amount ofcurrent equal or substantially equal to the current from the converter315 output since the regulator 308 and the converter 315 outputs areconnected in parallel and their output voltages are kept within aprescribed range. Therefore, the current drawn from the energy/powersource 309 is reduced approximately (assuming high efficiency and/or lowimplementation loss) by the amount of current provided from theconverter 315 times the conversion factor, Vout/Vin of the regulator308. The power saving process continues until the charge (or voltage) inthe capacitor 305 drops below a predetermined low threshold level. Itshould be noted that the energy stored in the capacitor 305 can be usedto “boost” the operation of the electrical load 312 by providing moreavailable power to the load. Either one, or both, of the current controlelements 311 and 314 can be set to shut off current when the chargingprocess initially starts or during a recharging process.

In order to achieve effective power reduction on the main energy/powersource 309, the proper current sharing between the converter 315 andregulator 308 is required and their output voltages must be properly setand controlled. A small difference in voltages may make one of themcompletely “take over” the current supplying process. For example, ifthe output voltage of the regulator 308 is 5% higher than the outputvoltage of the converter 315, the regulator 308 is likely to supply themajority of the current to the electrical load 312 even though thecapacitor 305 may have been accumulated a large amount of energy overtime.

There are many ways known in the art to implement good current sharing.One implementation utilizes a series resistive element (such as aresistor or a FET) as a sensor element in each converter output currentpath to sense current, a high gain amplifier such as an operationalamplifier, and an integrator to produce an error control signal, whichis input to the control port of the converter 315 and controls thevoltage of the converter 315 so that the output should follow theregulator 308 output within a specified range. The error is used toadjust the output of the converter 315 until the current in each path(or the voltage across the sense resistive element) is within apredetermined range. Therefore, by using this technique, the voltagefrom the regulator 315 output can be adjusted to follow the voltage fromthe regulator 308 output within a desired range once each path starts toconduct current. The current control elements 310 and 311 themselves canbe used as the series resistive sensor elements to sense (detect)currents/voltages.

Those in the skilled art can select a desired ratio of current sharingbetween the converter 315 and the regulator 308 to suit to the ones'particular applications. For instance, the output voltage of theconverter 315 may be deliberately set at slightly higher voltage thanthe output voltage of the regulator 308 so that the converter 315 cansupply majority of the current into the electrical load 312 oncesufficient energy has been stored in the capacitor 305. With that beingthe case, high reduction in power on the main energy/power source 309 isachievable until the charge stored in the capacitor 305 drops below apredetermined low threshold level. Under a heavy electrical loadingcondition, however, the current on the electrical load 312 may require acurrent which exceeds the maximum current supply capability of theconverter 315 and/or that of the capacitor 305. With this being thecase, the output voltage of the converter 315 may drop and become lowerthan the output voltage of the regulator 308 (due to the limiting actionof the converter 315) and the current control/switching element 311(such as a diode) cuts off the electrical path to the electrical load312, forcing the regulator 308 to supply again the entire current to theelectrical load 312. More specifically, as more charge is stored oncapacitor 305, more power and current can be provided from the capacitor305 to load 312 via converter 315 and current control elements 311 and314. Monitor/controller 307 measures this power/current as it increasesand is then able to control the current/power provided by mainenergy/power source 309 to the load 312 via current control elements 310and 316. Accordingly, as the power/current provided from capacitor 305increases, the amount of power/current which must be drawn from the mainenergy/power source 309 and provided to load 312 decreases, using lessof the energy from the main energy/power source 309 over time andextending the life of the main energy/power source. Additionally, theenergy stored in the capacitor 305 may be used to supply current orpower to the load 312 as a backup or uninterrupted power source when themain energy/power source 309 fails to operate properly or is temporarilyremoved/disconnected from the system (e.g., replacing the battery of alaptop computer without disrupting the operation of the system).

If the main energy/power source 309 is a disposable battery or a hybridcell, a battery life extension results by reducing the power drawn fromthe main energy/power source 309 attributed to the power saving processas described herein. Suppose that the main energy/power source 309 is abattery with 1000 mAh capacity and the load 312 draws average current of500 mA at 5V. If the converter 315 can supply 56 mA of average current(at 5V) to the load 312, then 5V times 0.0056 A=0.28 W of power out of2.5 W (=5V times 0.5 A) is supplied by the converter 315 until thevoltage (or charge) drops below a predetermined low threshold. Assuming90% efficiency of the regulator 308, that corresponds to 0.28 W/0.9=0.31W of power delivered by the main energy/power source 309. Without thecurrent (or power) from the converter 315, the battery life is 1000mAh/500 mA=2 hours. However, if it takes, for example 35 minutes tofirst charge the capacitor 305 to a predetermined high level and 5minutes to deplete the charge to a predetermined low level and then 15minutes to recharge to the predetermined high level thereafter, theaverage current drawn from the battery becomes approximately 488.3 mAand the battery life becomes 1000 mAh/488.3 mA=2.05 hours. To reduce thelong initial charging time on an uncharged capacitor, the mainenergy/power source 309 (with the appropriate current control elementsand monitoring schemes) may be used to rapidly charge the capacitor 305.Charging from the main energy/power source 309 may be useful formaintaining a certain amount of charge (energy) in the capacitor 305when heat is not available (such as during power down).

In a preferred embodiment, monitor/controller 307 can be purelyimplemented in hardware (for example, by using a comparator withhysteresis, a reference voltage generator, and a switch element driver)or in a combination of hardware and software (for example, using a CPU,an ADC, switch element driver(s), and memory with embedded software).Indeed, the monitor 307 can include and utilize analog to digitalconverters (ADCs), digital to analog converters (DACs), negative voltagegenerator(s), or/and level shift circuitries with switch element driversand they can be all integrated into a single integrated circuit (IC). Aclock signal for the monitor/controller 307 can be generated by a lowpower oscillator whose power is supplied by either the main energy/powersource 309 or the capacitor 305. The monitor/controller 307 can bepowered up by the main energy/power source 309, the capacitor 305, or anexternal source.

If the monitor/controller 307 is implemented in software, portions ofthe control software may comprise an ordered listing of executableinstructions for implementing logical functions, and can be embodied inany computer-readable medium for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device, such as acomputer-based system, processor-containing system, or other system thatcan fetch the instructions from the instruction execution system,apparatus, or device and execute the instructions.

FIG. 4 shows an alternate embodiment of a power saving circuit for thepresent invention in which there are double charging stages. Thisparticular configuration has two capacitors 405 and 405′, two converters406 and 406′, a monitor/controller 407 and two switching elements 411and 411′. As with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3, switchingelements 411 and 411′ are controlled by the monitor/controller 407 sothat they are set to conduct currents as well as to shut off currents atappropriate times. The monitor/controller 407 monitors variousparameters of the capacitors 405 and 405′, such as voltage, current,temperature, etc. In the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, the capacitor405′ can be a main charge reservoir and the switching elements 411 and411′ can isolate the charge reservoir from the rest of thesystem/circuit when the load is turned off (or the main system ispowered down) so as to prevent depletion of the charge stored oncapacitor 405′ due to leakage during power shut off. The capacitances ofthe capacitors 405, 405′ as well as other factors must be carefullyconsidered and analyzed to not incur instability of the converters 406,406′. Also, there exist ways to charge capacitors and produce a voltagehigher than the voltage from which they operate. One example is the useof a charge-pump (or sometimes called as voltage multiplier) utilizing aplurality of capacitors, switching elements, and clock signal(s). Thesecharging or voltage generating techniques can be used if deemeddesirable. A clock signal for the charge-pump can be generated by a lowpower oscillator whose power is supplied by either the main energy/powersource 309 or the capacitor 305.

Referring still to FIG. 4, in a first state, switch 411 is initiallyopen, allowing charge to build up quickly on capacitor 405. When thatcharge reaches a certain high or fully charged level, switch 411 isclosed and the charge is transferred to capacitor 405′. Once the chargehas been fully switched over to capacitor 405′, switch 411 may open. Inthis state, charge builds up on capacitor 405, while the charge whichwas transferred to capacitor 405′ may then be supplied to the load.Again, once the charge on storage element 405 reaches a certain high orfully charged level and once charge at capacitor 405′ has been fullyexhausted or drops below a certain threshold level, the charge fromcapacitor 405 is then switched to capacitor 405′ and the process repeatsitself. In this way, the system can build-up charge/energy while at thesame time providing charge/energy, thereby making the system moreefficient. As in the previous embodiment, a main energy source can beused to charge capacitor 405 or/and capacitor 405′ if desired.

FIG. 5 shows an alternate embodiment of a system of the presentinvention having a slightly simpler structure. As in the previousembodiment described with reference to FIG. 3, it has power generationmeans 565, capacitor 555, converter 556, monitor/controller 557, mainpower/energy source 559, current control element 561, and electricalload 562. Unlike the embodiment shown with reference to FIG. 3, thealternative embodiment shown in FIG. 5 further includes a sensor 563,which senses the difference between the voltages from the mainpower/energy source 559 and the converter 556 output and produces anerror control signal that is used to adjust the output voltage of theconverter 556 so that the output voltage can follow the voltage from themain energy source 559 within an acceptable range. As mentionedpreviously, one can utilize implementations known in the art in order toachieve this feedback/control. One such example is placing a seriesresistive element (such as a resistor or a FET) as a sensor or sensingelement in each output current path to sense current, a high gainamplifier such as an OP amp and an integrator to integrate thedifference voltage and produce an error signal to controls the feedbackvoltage of the converter 556. The feedback voltage is varied by theerror control signal until the current in each path (or the voltageacross the sense resistive element) is within a predetermined range.

Preferably, the sensor 563 is designed so that it controls the output ofconverter 556 to supply the proper voltage at the electrical load 562.This is important especially if the current control element 561introduces a non-constant voltage drop. Therefore, instead of monitoringthe voltage at the converter 556 output, monitoring the voltage at theoutput of the current control element 561 (or at the electrical load562) is perhaps a better way. If this is done, then a resistive sensingelement is preferably inserted between the current control element 561and the electrical load 562. Alternatively, the current control element561 can be used as a sensing resistive element for the sensor 563.

It should be noted that the sensor 563 is needed assuming anunregulated, varying voltage from the main energy/power source 559. Thesensor 563 can be driven and/or powered by the main energy/power source559, the capacitor 555, the converter 556, or from any other externalsource. The functionality of the sensor 563 can be integrated into themonitor/controller 557 as in the form of a module consisting of discretecomponents or/and various integrated circuits. It is also possible thatthe sensor 563 can be interfaced with and controlled by themonitor/controller 557.

As in the previous embodiment described with reference to FIG. 3, themonitor/controller 557 in FIG. 5 monitors various parameters in thesystem such as the voltage, current, or/and temperature of an elementand for this embodiment, the monitor 557 monitors the voltage at thecapacitor 555 and controls the current control element 561 with currentcontrol signal(s). It is also possible to configure themonitor/controller 557 such that it controls the operation, properties,or/and the state of the converter 556, the heat source 550, or any otherelement shown in FIG. 5. Furthermore, it is also possible to implementthe monitor/controller 557 to monitor and control a plural of theelement(s) shown in FIG. 5 (not necessarily simultaneously) and alsointerface with the sensor 563 and/or external element(s). Themonitor/controller 557 can be purely implemented in hardware (forexample, by using a comparator with hysteresis, a reference voltagegenerator, and a switch element driver) or in a combination of hardwareand software (for example, using a CPU, an ADC, switch element driver,and memory with embedded software). Indeed, the monitor/controller 557can include and utilize analog to digital converters (ADCs), digital toanalog converters (DACs), negative voltage generator(s), or/and levelshift circuitries with switch element drivers, clock generator(s), andthey can be all integrated into a single integrated circuit (IC).

The power generating means 565 preferably consists of heat source 550, athermoelectric generator (TEG) 552, a cooler 554, a heat source to TEGinterface element 551, and TEG to cooler interface element 553. Again,the heat source 550 can be the main power source 559, the electricalload 562, or/and any other elements internal or external to the systemand circuit that produce or possess heat.

As the main power/energy source 559 is electrically connected to theelectrical load 562, heat is generated, for instance from the main powersource 559 and/or the electrical load 562 and either one or both of themcan be used as the heat source 550. As heat is produced and the cooler554 removes the heat from the cold side of the TEG 552 or/and TEG tocooler interface element 553, a temperature difference is producedbetween the cold and the hot sides of the TEG 552 and in turn itproduces a potential difference (i.e., voltage) that charges thecapacitor 555. Charge (or energy) is built up in the capacitor 555 inorder to provide current and/or power to the electrical load 562, whichup until such time remains driven by the main power/energy source 559without power saving.

Once a predetermined amount of charge is built up on the capacitor 555,the converter 556 starts to produce an output voltage which isapproximately equal to the output voltage of the main power/energysource 559 and if the monitor/controller 557 determines that the chargestored in the capacitor 555 has reached a predetermined high value, itenables the current control element 561 and the current flows to theelectrical load 562, thereby reducing the current (and hence thecorresponding power) drawn from the main power/energy source 559.

As the current flows from the converter 556 to the electrical load 562,the sensor 563 improves the accuracy of tracking and the proper currentsharing is maintained. For even a simpler embodiment, themonitor/controller 557 can be omitted and a diode can be used as thecurrent control element 561. The sensor 563 must take into account thevoltage drop associated with the diode for that case.

As in the previous embodiment, there could be intermediate stagesbetween the power generation means 565 and the capacitor 555 forefficient charging of the capacitor. By way of example, suchintermediate stages may include any one or combination of circuits suchas charge-pump or voltage multipliers. Also, charging of multiplestorage elements with multiple heat sources or power generating means ispossible.

In cases where the electrical load 562 is an inverter (DC to ACconverter), which subsequently can drives AC loads such as an AC motor,a home appliance, and etc. it is possible to achieve highly efficientpower utilization. For example, for an electric car whose main energysupply is the main power/energy source 559 (such as fuel cell), heatgenerated from main power/energy source 559 or/and regenerated energyduring braking can charge capacitor 555. The energy collected then canbe used to assist the main power/energy source 559 in delivering powerto the electrical load 562 and its subsequent loads such as AC motor(s).Again, it is possible to boost the power of the electrical loads ifdesired. As another example, an AC generator to supply power to ACequipment (television, heater, lamps, etc.) in outdoor environments orplaces where AC outlet is not available can be powered up by themain/power energy source 559 (fuel cell etc.). The heat generated by theenergy source 559 or any other heat source can be transformed toelectrical energy which is then collected and stored in the capacitor555. The stored energy can be used to assist the energy source 559 indelivering power to the electrical load 562 and its subsequent loadssuch as lamps.

Finally, FIG. 6 shows an alternate embodiment of a power saving circuitfor the present invention in which there are parallel charging stageswhich are used in an alternating fashion in order to increase the lifeand efficiency of a main power/energy source. This particularconfiguration has two capacitors 602 and 603, a single converter 605, amonitor/controller 607, a switching element 606 and two main switchingelements 601, 604 (each having at least two individual switches that canbe independently controlled by the monitor/controller 607). As with theembodiments illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 4, switching elements 601, 604,606 are controlled by the monitor/controller 607 so that they are set toconduct currents as well as to shut off currents at appropriate times.The monitor/controller 607 monitors various parameters of the capacitors602 and 603, such as voltage, current, temperature, etc. It isunderstood that the capacitors 602 and 603 can each consist of aplurality of capacitors electrically connected in series and/orparallel.

Referring still to FIG. 6, in a first or initial state switching element601 is configured such that one switch is configured to allow charge tobuild up quickly on capacitor 602 while the other switch remains open.In this initial state, the first switch in switching element 604 isopen, while the second switch may be closed. When the charge oncapacitor 602 reaches a certain high or fully charged level, the firstswitch in switching element 601 is then opened and the second switch inswitching element 601 is then closed. Additionally, the first switch inswitching element 604 is then closed, while the second switch inswitching element 604 is then open. In this state, charge builds up oncapacitor 603, while the charge which was built up on capacitor 602 maythen be supplied to the load. Again, once the charge on capacitor 603reaches a certain high or fully charged level and once charge atcapacitor 602 has been fully exhausted or drops below a certain lowlevel, the individual switches in switching elements 601 and 604 arethen alternated, closing the first switch and opening the second switchin switching element 601, while opening the first switch and closing thesecond switch in switching element 604. In this state, the charge buildup on capacitor 603 is then applied to the load while capacitor 602 isrecharged (assuming switching element 606 is set to conduct current). Inthis way, the system can build-up charge/energy while at the same timeproviding charge/energy, thereby making the system more efficient. It isunderstood that switching element 601 can be connected to multiple TEGseach having own heat source and cooler and the monitor/controller 607selects/enables appropriate electrical path(s) to charge capacitor(s).In a system, heat generated by its constituents may differ and may alsobe time dependent. The monitor/controller 607 can monitor the state ofthe capacitors and the temperature of the constituents andcharge/discharge the capacitors in an optimal way.

While the description above contains many specifics, these should not beconstrued as limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather asexemplifications of particular embodiments thereof. One of ordinaryskill in the art may make many changes, modifications, and substitutionswithout necessarily departing from the spirit and scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the scope of the invention should be determinednot by the embodiments described above, but by the appended claims andtheir legal equivalents.

1. A circuit for providing power to a load, said circuit comprising: amain power/energy source coupled to the load and used to provide powerto the load; a power generating circuit coupled to the load, and inparallel with the main power/energy source, for providing power to theload, a pair of capacitors arranged in parallel and coupled between saidpower generating circuit and said load; a first switching elementcoupled between the power generating circuit and the pair of capacitors;a second switching element coupled between the pair of capacitors andthe load; and a controller for activating the first and second switchingelements, wherein the first and second switching elements arealternately activated such that the first switching element allowscharge to be stored from the power generating circuit onto one of thecapacitors, while the second switching element allows charge previouslystored on the other capacitor to be delivered to the load, therebyreducing the amount of power drawn from the main power/energy source. 2.The circuit of claim 1, wherein said power generating circuit includes aheat source and a cooler thermally coupled to a thermoelectric generator(TEG) for converting thermal energy from said heat source intoelectrical energy.
 3. The circuit of claim 2, further comprising: aconverter coupled between the second switching element and the load; anda sensor coupled to the output of the main power/energy source, thesecond switching element, and the converter, said sensor used to monitorthe output of the main power/energy source and the output at the secondswitching element and to adjust the output of the converter so that itsoutput follows that of the main power/energy source.
 4. The circuit ofclaim 2, wherein the heat source is the main power/energy source.
 5. Thecircuit of claim 2, wherein the heat source is the load.
 6. The circuitof claim 1, further comprising: a first converter coupled between themain power/energy source and the load for generating a regulated outputto the load; a second converter coupled between the pair of capacitorsand the second switching element for generating a regulated output tothe load; a sensor coupled to the output of the first converter and theoutput of the second converter, said sensor used to monitor the outputsof the first and second converters and to adjust the output of thesecond converter so that its output follows that of the first converter.7. A circuit which extends the operational life of a main energy sourcecoupled to a load, said circuit comprising: a power generator having aheat source and a cooler thermally coupled to a thermoelectric generator(TEG) for converting thermal energy into electrical energy; and a firstcapacitor coupled between the TEG and the load, for receiving andstoring the electrical energy from the TEG; a second capacitor coupledin parallel with the first capacitor, between the TEG and the load; afirst switching element coupled between the TEG and the first and secondcapacitors; a second switching element coupled between the first andsecond capacitors and the load; a first converter coupled to the secondswitching element and having its output coupled to the load; and acontroller for activating the first and second switching elements,wherein the first and second switching elements are alternatelyactivated such that the first switching element allows charge to bestored from the TEG on one of the capacitors, while the second switchingelement allows charge previously stored on the other capacitor to bedelivered to the load, thereby reducing the amount of power drawn fromthe main energy source.
 8. The circuit of claim 7, further comprising: asecond converter coupled between the main energy source and the load forgenerating a regulated output to the load; and a sensor coupled to theoutput of the first converter and the output of the second converter,said sensor used to monitor the outputs of the first and secondconverters and to adjust the output of the first converter so that itsoutput follows that of the second converter coupled between the mainenergy source and the load.
 9. The circuit of claim 7, wherein the heatsource is the main power supply.
 10. The circuit of claim 7, wherein theheat source is the load.
 11. A method for providing power to a loadcomprising: coupling a primary energy source to said load for providingpower to said load; coupling a power generating circuit to said load,and in parallel with the primary energy source, said power generatingcircuit having a heat source, a cooler, and a thermoelectric generator(TEG) connected to said heat source and said cooler for convertingthermal energy into electrical energy; coupling a first capacitorbetween the power generating circuit and the load; coupling a secondcapacitor in parallel with the first capacitor, between the powergenerating circuit and the load; coupling a first switching elementbetween the TEG and the first and second capacitors; coupling a secondswitching element between the first and second capacitors and the load;and alternately activating the first and second switching elements suchthat the first switching element allows charge to be stored from the TEGon one of the capacitors, while the second switching element allowscharge previously stored on the other capacitor to be delivered to theload, thereby reducing the amount of power drawn from the primary energysource.
 12. The method of claim 11, further comprising: coupling a firstconverter between the capacitors and the second switching element forregulating the output from the capacitors; coupling a second converterbetween the primary energy source and the load for generating aregulated output to the load; and coupling a sensor to the output of thefirst converter and the output of the second converter, said sensor usedto monitor the outputs of the first and second converters and to adjustthe output of the first converter so that its output follows that of thesecond converter.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising:coupling a first converter between the second switching element and theload; coupling a sensor to the output of the primary energy source, theoutput of the second switching element, and the first converter;monitoring the output of the primary energy source and the output of thesecond switching element; and adjusting the output of the converter sothat its output follows that of the main energy source.
 14. The methodof claim 11, wherein the heat source is the primary power source. 15.The method of claim 11, wherein the heat source is the load.
 16. Acircuit for providing power to a load, comprising a main energy sourcecoupled to the load; a power generating circuit coupled to the load inparallel with the main energy source for providing power to the load,said power generating circuit having a heat source and a cooler coupledto a thermoelectric generator (TEG) for converting thermal energy intoelectrical energy; first and second capacitors arranged in parallel andcoupled to the TEG for storing the electrical energy; a first switchingelement coupled between the TEG and the first and second capacitor; asecond switching element coupled between the first and second capacitorsand the load, and a controller for alternately activating the switchingelements in order to alternately store charge on one of the capacitorswhile delivering power to the load from the other capacitor, therebyreducing the amount of power drawn from the main energy source.
 17. Thecircuit of claim 16, further comprising: a first converter coupledbetween the second switching element and the load for receiving powerfrom either the first or second capacitors and generating a regulatedoutput to the load.
 18. The circuit of claim 16, further comprising: afirst converter coupled between the main energy source and the load forgenerating a regulated output to the load; a second converter coupledbetween the first and second capacitors and the at least one switchingelement for generating a regulated output to the load; and a sensorcoupled to the output of the first converter, the output of the secondconverter, and the second converter control port said sensor used tomonitor the outputs of the first and second converters and to adjust theoutput of the second converter so that its output follows that of thefirst converter.
 19. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the heat source isthe main power source.
 20. The circuit of claim 16, wherein the heatsource is the load.